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Geogrraphical Exerciseis 

FOR 

IIVFAIVT SCHOOIiS, 

ACCOMPANIED BY A 

WHICH, AT ONE VIEW, 
EXHIBITS THE SEVERAL DIVISIONS 

OF 

liA^ND AND WATER, 

Required to be understood by the Terms used in 

Explaining the Natural Positions or 
U y Situations of Places. 



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By CHARLES C. ANDREWS, Teacher, 

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NEW.YORK: , , , 
Priated by B. G. Jaosen, 189 1-3 Hndson-street, 

— (5 



1831. \ ,. He 






Entered, Nov. 30, 1831, by Charles C. Andrews, in the office of the 
Clerk for the Southern District of New-York. 



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PREFACE. 

The writer, in presenting to the pub- 
lic this little work, in company with his 
Hydro-Geographic Map, has the plea- 
sure of complying with the wishes of 
many experienced Teachers of Infant 
Schools, as well as with those of several 
distinguished persons who are Patrons 
of such institutions. 

The Map has been introduced into a 
great many elementary* as well as in- 
fant Schools (but is peculiarly adapted 
to the latter) throughout the Union, and 
the demand for them increasing, it was 
found necessary that a lesson like the 
one now offered should accompany it, 
embracing all the improvements recent- 
ly made, for several of which the writer 



IV 

is indebted to the suggestions of some of 
the most experienced teacliers in this 
city. 

The H. G. Map has been found very 
useful in famihes where there are chil- 
dren, not however to the exclusion of 
good engraved maps, but as a prepara- 
tory step to their use. 

It is due to several literary and prac- 
tical gentlemen, who have recommend- 
ed and adopted this plan of communi- 
cating the knowledge of Elementary 
Geography, to tender to them and the 
public, for past encouragement, the 
grateful acknowldgements of 

THE AUTHOR. 

NeW'YorJt, 1832. 



EXERCISE 

Accompanying C. C. Andrews' Hydro- 
Geographic Map for Infant Schools. 



Teacher. — This map represents all the natural 
divisions of the earth. 

What does this map represent 1 

T. — Tn the 1st chap. Genesis, 1st verse, we are 
told, that God created the heaven and the earth. 

Who created the heaven and the earth, and where 
do we find the account of it 1 

T. — In the 1st chap. Genesis, 9th verse, we are 
informed, that God commanded that the waters be 
gathered together unto one place, and that the dry 
land appear. 

Who commanded that the waters be gathered to- 
gether, and that the dry land appear 1 

T. In the 1st chap. Genesis, 10th verse, we find, 
that God called the dry land earth, and the gathering 
together of the waters, he called seas* 

What did God call the dry land ] 

What did he call the waters ] 

T. — This large tract of land'represents a conti- 



6 

nent, comprehending several regions, or countries, 
without an entire separation of its parts by water. 
What does this represent, and what is a continent? 

[Here, and in explaining all other divisions of land and water, 
it is desirable that the Teacher point to the part which may be un- 
der consideration ] 

T. — An Island is a smaller tract of land which is 
entirely surrounded by water. A large cluster of 
Islands is sometimes called an Archipelago. 

What is an Island ] 

What is a large cluster of Islands sometimes called ? 

T.— A Peninsula is a portion of land encompassed 
by water, except at one narrow part, by which it is 
jomed to the neighboring Continent. 

What is a Peninsula] 

T. — An Isthmus is a neck, or narrow part of land, 
which joins a peninsula to the continent. 
What is an Isthmus ] 

T. — A Promontory is a high part of land which 
projects into the sea, and is commonly called a Cape, 
when it appears like a mountain ; but, when its ex- 
trem ty has a little elevation, it is termed a Point, 

What is a Cape or Promontory ] 

How do you distinguish a Cape from a Point ] 

T. — A Mountain is high land, elevated considera- 
bly above the adjacent country. 
What is a Mountain] 



T.— A Hill is high land, less elevated than a meun- 
tain. 
WhatisaHiin 

T. — A Volcano is a mountain which emits fire, 
and is called a Burning Mountain. 
What is a Volcano 1 

T A Crater is the mouth of a volcano, through 
which the fire is thrown out. 
What is a Crater ] 

T, A Delta is a tract of low land next to the sea, 
and lymg between different entrances of some large 
river. 

What is a Delta! 

T. — A Plain is a large extent of level land unbro- 
ken by hills. 

What is a Plain! 

T. — The Sea or Ocean is a vast plain until it is 
raised mto waves, or ruffled by the wind. 

What is the sea ! How is it raised into waves ! 

[Here the children can show the effects of wind upon the water by 
blowing on it with the mouth.] 

T, — A Valley is low land between two mountains, 
or between two hills, &c. 
What is a Valley! 



T. — A Swamp is a bog or marshy place, generally 
near some lake, river, &c. in low ground. 
What is a Swamp ? 

T, — A Mine is a hollow dug in the earth, where 
metals and minerals are found, such as Gold, Silver, 
Iron, Copper, Tin, Coal, Salt, &c. 

What is a Mine 1 What are found in mines 1 

[The Teacher may explain, respecting mines, what vast labour 
is bestowed in procuring the various and necessary articles found 
under the surface of the earth, and the wisdom of Providence ia de- 
positing them in such situations that vegetation might not suffer by 
their being placed on the surface, &c.] 

T. — This Promontory is situated north of this 
point, and this Bay is south of this Lake. 

How is this Promontory situated Irom this point 1 

T. — This Island is west from the Lighthouse, 
(varying the descriptions according to the relative 
positions of places, and pointing them out during the 
explanation.) This Mountain lies north, and this 
Point hes south of the equator. 

How does this Island lie from this Lighthouse? 

This Mountain from this Point] Aic. 

T. — ^Water is divided into Oceans, Seas, Lakes, 
Gulfs, Bays, Sounds, Straits, Channels, Rivers, 
Roads, Creeks, Harbours, dtc. 

How is water divided 1 



9 

T, — An Ocean is a large collection of water, with- 
out any separation of its partB by land. 
What is an Ocean ] 

T. — A sea is a smaller collection of water than an 
ocean, communicates with it, and is confined by land. 
What is a sea ] 

T. — A Lake is a large collection of water surround- 
ed by land. 

What is a Lake ? 

T. — A Gulf or Bay, is a part of the ocean running 
up into the land, and is surrounded by it, except at 
one part, where it communicates with the ocean. 

What is a Gulf or Bay? 

T. — A Strait is a narrow passage, between two 
shores, joining a gulf and sea to each other, or to 
the ocean. 

What is a Strait ? 

T.— A Channel is a narrow sea, confined between 
an island and a continent, or between two islands. 
What is a Channel ? 

T, — A Road is a place upon any coast, where there 
is good anchorage, and where vessels may be shel- 
tered from boisterous gales. 

What is a Road 1 



10 

T — A River is a considerable current of water, 
liaving its source in springs, &c. Some proceed 
from mountainous regions, and others, irom low, 
swampy grounds. 

What is a River] 

From whence do rivers proceed 1 

T. — A Creek, is a small inlet, and is always less 
than a gulf or bay. 
What ^s a Creek! 

T. — A Harbour is a port, or station, where ships 
are sheltered from storms, and where they resort to 
for purposes of commerce. 

What is a Harbour 1 

For what purposes do ships resort to harbours ! 

T. — A Canal is a hollow passage in the earth made 
by art, to receive the waters of the sea, lakes, rivers, 
&c. by which we can communicate with places at 
great distances from us. 

What is a Canal 1 

What is its use ? 

T. — A Whirlpool* is a place in the water where 
it moves circularly, with great violence, and draws 
every thing that comes near it into its centre. 

What is a Whirlpool 1 

* The northernmost Island in the Archipelago is made to take out, 
by which means a miniature whirlpool is produced, when the map 
ds filled with water. 



11 

]?IIlS;€EIiK.AWE01JlS. 

T. — ^Many of these divisions of land and water have 
some resemblance to each other ; for a continent iff 
similar, in extent, to an ocean ; an island encompass- 
ed by water, resembles a lake encompassed by land ; 
a peninsula of land is like a gulf or inland sea ; an 
isthmus, by which two bodies of land are joined, re- 
sembles a strait, which unites two bodies of water ; 
and a cape of land is like a bay, or creek of the sea. 

In what respects do many of the divisions of land 
and water resemble each other? 

T*. — A Lighthouse is a high building, erected 
near some dangerous part of the coast, and is fur- 
nished with lights to guide ships coming from sea in 
the night. 

What is a Lighthouse 1 

What is its use 1 

71 — A Buoy is used as a mark to pilots and mari- 
ners, to warn them of dangerous places in the sea, 
such as sunken rocks, shoals, &c. 

What is the use of a Buoy I 

r. — A Buoy is made fast by means of a cable 
and anchor. 

How is a buoy made fast? 

T. — A Fortification is a fort, castle, &c. built for 
the purpose of defending a place from the attacks of 
an enemy. 

What 18 a Fortification ? 

What is its use ? 



12 
K2HTS TO TBAeHERS. 

It will be seen that the map is marked with the let- 
ters N. S. E, W., N.E., N.W., S.E. and S.W., in- 
dicating so many points of the compass, and are in- 
tended to show, that the wind blowing from any one 
of those quarters, would have an effect upon the 
course of a ship sailing in any direction upon the 
map : the ingenious teacher may make use of this 
circumstance to much advantage, by placing a small 
vessel (or even a chip) on the water, subject to any 
wind that may be blown from the mouth ; if the ves- 
sel is to sail north, she can have a fair wind by blow- 
ing from the opposite point. 

On the little vessel's entering a harbour, river, &>c. 
her coming to anchor, may be shown by means of a 
thread and pin being let go from her bow. 

A very pleasing experiment may be performed by 
putting a fine needle, as a bowsprit, into a small cork 
vessel, then, by applying a magnet near enough to 
attract the needle, the vessel might be led through 
nearly all the water parts of the map, and this, to 
the children, by an invisible agency. 

This will likewise afford an opportunity to the 
teacher, to explain the various powers of attrac- 
tion. 

The Equator and Meridian are represented as the 
places where Latitude and Longitude begin. It may 
be explained to the pupils, that, when a vessel is on 
the meridian, she is said to have no longitude ; but, 
iF she «ails to the right of it, she acquires eastern 



13 

longitude, and increases it as she sails in tliat direc- 
tion. A similar effect is produced by her sailing- 
from the meridian, on the left, but, in that case, her 
longitude will be west. 

When a vessel is sailing on the right of, and to- 
wards the meridian, her eastern longitude is decreas- 
ing, so, when she is sailing from any part on the left 
of the meridian, and towards it, her western longi- 
tude is decreasing. 

Again, when a vessel is on the equator, she is said 
to have no latitude ; but, if she sails above (or north 
of) it, she will acquire north latitude, and will in- 
crease her northern latitude as she sails in that di- 
rection : if she sails below (or south of) the equa- 
tor, she will, in that case, acquire south latitude, and 
will increase her southern latitude as slie sails in 
that direction. 

When a vessel is north of the equator, and is sail* 
ing towards it, she is decreasing her northern; lati- 
tude, and when she is south of the equator, and sail* 
ing towards it,, she is decreasing her southera lati. 
tude. 

It will be seen, by inspecting the Key to the Mapy 
that in the vicinity of the hghthouse, an Inne» and 
an Outer passage are mentioned, which will; afford 
the Teacher an opportunity to explain the difference^ 
between them, thus: — It would be dangerous for a 
vessel to sail through the inner passage, unless she 
be navigated by a person well acquainted with' thft 
difficulties of the clianneL; hence, Pilots are em*- 
ployed to conduct ships- tjiisoughk such places ; butv 



14 

as the outer passage affords more sea room, the dan-* 
ger of navigation there is less ; although much time 
may be lost by adopting the latter course. 

This interesting part of the subject might be fa- 
miliarly illustrated, by referring to facts within the 
teacher's knowledge, such as the passage through 
Hurlgate, New-York, &c. 

That part on the Map designated as a Volcano re- 
quires a remark. A Crater is left open in the moun- 
tain, which, to illustrate an eruption, can be filled at 
any time by a little tuft of silk or feathers, of suita- 
ble colors, to exhibit the appearance of fire. Here 
the teacher can very properly explain how we ob- 
tain sulphur, pumice-stone, &c. ; and also give a lit- 
tle account of some of the most remarkable erup- 
tions that have been noticed in history. 

When a vessel sails round a Cape, she is said to 
** double the cape," in sea phrase, and she generally 
stretches out to sea a long distance, so as to give the 
cape a " good birth/' which is another sea term, for 
the cape must be far enough off, in doubling it,' for 
the ship to be clear of rocks and shoals that may be 
near it. 

It may be very useful, when explaining what a 
Canal is, to show some of its advantages, besides 
those mentioned in the lesson, such as its enabling 
those sections of countries through which it passes, 
to carry on trade with distant parts, without expo- 
sure to the dangers of the sea ; in case of foreign 
war, it affords a safe conveyance, without risk of at- 
tacks from the enemy's shipsi &g. 



The Boundary Lines, marked out on the conti- 
nent, &c. are intended to show the civil or pohtical 
divisions of countries. 

ZiATZTUI^Zi AND L0NGXTT7DE. 

It is proper to observe to the pupils, that the terms, 
latitude and longitude are as applicable to places oa 
land as on the water, and the little square blocks on 
the land, which represent cities and towns, have 
both latitude and longitude, as well as ships have at 
sea. One city on the map is placed directly under the 
meridian, and that is where longitude begins ; one is 
placed under th e equator, and that is where latitude 
begins ; and one is placed at the intersection of the 
meridian and the equator, and there, there is neither 
latitude nor longitude for that is where both begin. 

Travellers therefore, on land, are as constantly 
changing their latitudes and longitudes, while travel^ 
ling, as those are who are sailing on the water. 

To the few hints already given, the writer trusts 
ne shall be excused, for adding one more, viz. 

When we are imparting instruction to very young 
children, we should try to render every word we 
speak as plain as possible, and, as some words in 
this little work may not be understood by many of 
the children for whose benefit it is intended, it may 
be well for the teacher to explain them as they ar» 
met with, in some such way as the following. 
Represents, shows. Elevation, height. 

Comprehending, containing. Emit, send forth. 
I^xiTemity, farthest point. Adjacent, that which 
Encompassed, surr9unded, is near. 



16 

To be Sung by the Children at the Conclusion of 
the Exercise. Tune, Bonnie Boat, 



LAND. 

Large continents and islands too 
Were form'd at God's comn^and, 

Peninsulas and isthmuses, 

Capes, hills, and mountain land. 

WATER. 

Vast oceans, seas, and gulfs and bays, 

With rivers large and wide, 
I#akes, channels, straits, and other streams, 

Thje flood and ebbing tide. 

LIGHTHOUSE. 

The mariner, when near the coast, 
In gloomy storms at night. 

Mid rocks and shoals, on a lee shore, 
Is guided by this light. 

BUOY. 

Large rocks and sand-bars deep are hid 

Beneath the swelling waves, 
And buoys are plac'd to warn thereof, 

Which many vessels saves. 






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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



029 708 015 5 # 




ORDERS 



For the Hydro-Geographic Map and 
Lessons, will be thankfully attended to, 
at the proprietor's residence, No. 39 Sul- 
livan-street, and at the principal Book- 
stores in New- York. 

PRICES, &c. 

Maps 26 inches square, with a cover, table 

form, $6 50 

do. do. do. do. without the stand, 5 50 

do. 14 inches square, do. 3 50 

One copy of the Lessons (including the Key) to 

accompany each Map j or separately at ^1.25 per 

dozen. 



